Brookings

Meanwhile, a 2024 Brookings Institute paper found that three of the five professions with the highest number of illegal immigrants were in the hospitality, agricultural and restaurant industry and that U.S. citizens don’t work in those fields at the rate undocumented people do.

Immigrants accounted for 361,057 of those gains, making up for an outflow of 239,375 resident to other states, according to calculations by Brookings demographer William Frey.

"It is tumultuous time," says Adie Tomer, of the Brookings Institution, a think tank.

Tanvi Madan, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, says US Secretary of State Marco Rubio's call to Pakistani Army Chief Asim Munir on 9 May "might have been the crucial point".

Looking at all of Trump’s immigration actions since he took office on Jan. 20, the Brookings Institution concluded that there’s been “more arrests, less due process, but not yet more deportations.”