Islands

Pacific islands, meanwhile, are vulnerable to storm surges – these could also be threatened by rising sea levels, as well as changing weather patterns.

Orkney Islands Council has accepted it must remain part of the UK - after spending two years exploring opportunities for greater autonomy.

The islands were gifted to Scotland, along with Shetland, by King Christian I of Denmark and Norway in 1472 as security for a wedding dowry.

The debt was never repaid and the islands have remained part of Scotland ever since then.

Indeed, the American Southwest is particularly vulnerable to invasive species, including highly adaptive species that can affect human health, largely thanks to the rapid spread of urbanism — which can bring water to desert environments while also creating artificial heat islands in colder climates, and allowing tropical species to expand their ranges.