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“Vodou is the system that Haitians have developed to deal with the suffering of this life, a system whose object is to minimize pain, avoid disaster, soften losses, and strengthen the survivors as much as the survival instinct,” Haitian sociologist ����ë�ԲԱ� Hurbon wrote in a recent essay.

The recent upsurge in the abduction of church members in Haiti has signaled “a breakdown of social relations in Haiti,” said ����ë�ԲԱ� Hurbon, a Haitian sociologist and researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research.

“The religious in Haiti do not normally partake in political marches, but this time, the unsafe situation with the armed gangs led the Protestants to mobilize throughout Haiti,” said ����ë�ԲԱ� Hurbon, a Haitian sociologist and researcher at the French National Center for Scientific Research.

Modern-day stethoscopes bear little resemblance to the first stethoscope, invented in the early 1800s by Frenchman René Laennec, but they work essentially the same way.

Laennec’s creation was a hollow tube of wood, almost a foot long, that made it easier to hear heart and lung sounds than pressing an ear against the chest.