shall

A law passed in the March 2022 government spending bill declared, "the Architect of the Capitol shall obtain an honorific plaque," and "shall place the plaque at a permanent location on the western front of the United States Capitol."

First, the statute says that when a president seeks to invoke the law, their “orders … shall be issued through the governors of the States.”

On the protesters confronted by police at the Washington Square Park “Beatnik riot” of 1961: “A few sat in the fountain and sang ‘We Shall Not be Moved.’

But in the deployment memo sending the National Guard to L.A., officials said “the duration of duty shall be for 60 days or at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense. In addition, the Secretary of Defense may employ any other members of the regular Armed Forces as necessary to augment and support the protection of Federal functions and property in any number determined appropriate in his discretion.”

Supreme Court and was legally significant because it relied on the historic Civil Rights Act of 1866, which was enacted a year after the Civil War ended and mandated that Black citizens “shall have the same right ... to make and enforce contracts ... as is enjoyed by white citizens.”